Distribution and execution of instructions in a distributed computing environment

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for distribution and execution of instructions in a distributed computing environment are disclosed. An example method includes accessing, by executing an instruction with a processor implementing a management agent within a deployment environment, an indication of an instruction to be executed, the indication of the instruction to be executed provided by a management endpoint operated at a virtual appliance within the deployment environment. The instruction is retrieved from a repository. The repository is identified by the indication of the instruction to be executed. An instruction executor is directed to execute the instruction. The instruction is to cause the instruction executor to install an update to the management agent.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to cloud computing and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus to distribution and execution of instructions in a distributed computing environment.

BACKGROUND

Virtualizing computer systems provides benefits such as the ability to execute multiple computer systems on a single hardware computer, replicating computer systems, moving computer systems among multiple hardware computers, and so forth.

“Infrastructure-as-a-Service” (also commonly referred to as “IaaS”) generally describes a suite of technologies provided by a service provider as an integrated solution to allow for elastic creation of a virtualized, networked, and pooled computing platform (sometimes referred to as a “cloud computing platform”). Enterprises may use IaaS as a business-internal organizational cloud computing platform (sometimes referred to as a “private cloud”) that gives an application developer access to infrastructure resources, such as virtualized servers, storage, and networking resources. By providing ready access to the hardware resources required to run an application, the cloud computing platform enables developers to build, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of a web application (or any other type of networked application) at a greater scale and at a faster pace than ever before.

Cloud computing environments may be composed of many processing units (e.g., servers). The processing units may be installed in standardized frames, known as racks, which provide efficient use of floor space by allowing the processing units to be stacked vertically. The racks may additionally include other components of a cloud computing environment such as storage devices, networking devices (e.g., switches), etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an example system constructed in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure for managing a cloud computing platform.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example generation of a multi-machine blueprint by the example blueprint manager of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example installation of deployed virtual machines and associated servers acting as hosts for deployment of component servers for a customer.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram representing an example arrangement of the virtual appliance of FIG. 3A operating the management endpoint, and the component server of FIG. 3A operating the management agent.

FIG. 3C is a block diagram representing an example alternative arrangement of the virtual appliance of FIG. 3A operating the management endpoint, and the component server of FIG. 3A operating the management agent.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example implementation of a virtual appliance.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram representing an example implementation of the example management endpoint of the example VA of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 4.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram representing an example implementation of the example component server of the illustrated example of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 7 is a sequence diagram 700 representative of operations performed by the example management agent of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6, the example management endpoint of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and the example repository of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example management agent of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example processing platform capable of executing the example machine-readable instructions of FIG. 7 to implement the example management endpoint of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example processing platform capable of executing the example machine-readable instructions of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 to implement the example management agent of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Cloud computing is based on the deployment of many physical resources across a network, virtualizing the physical resources into virtual resources, and provisioning the virtual resources for use across cloud computing services and applications. Example systems for virtualizing computer systems are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/903,374, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MANAGING VIRTUAL AND REAL MACHINES,” filed Sep. 21, 2007, and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 8,171,485, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/919,965, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MANAGING VIRTUAL AND REAL MACHINES,” filed Mar. 26, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/736,422, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR VIRTUALIZED COMPUTING,” filed Dec. 12, 2012, all three of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Cloud computing platforms may provide many powerful capabilities for performing computing operations. However, taking advantage of these computing capabilities manually may be complex and/or require significant training and/or expertise. Prior techniques to providing cloud computing platforms and services often require customers to understand details and configurations of hardware and software resources to establish and configure the cloud computing platform. Methods and apparatus disclosed herein facilitate the management of virtual machine resources in cloud computing platforms.

A virtual machine is a software computer that, like a physical computer, runs an operating system and applications. An operating system installed on a virtual machine is referred to as a guest operating system. Because each virtual machine is an isolated computing environment, virtual machines (VMs) can be used as desktop or workstation environments, as testing environments, to consolidate server applications, etc. Virtual machines can run on hosts or clusters. The same host can run a plurality of VMs, for example.

As disclosed in detail herein, methods and apparatus disclosed herein provide for automation of management tasks such as provisioning multiple virtual machines for a multiple-machine computing system (e.g., a group of servers that inter-operate), linking provisioned virtual machines and tasks to desired systems to execute those virtual machines or tasks, and/or reclaiming cloud computing resources that are no longer in use. The improvements to cloud management systems (e.g., the vCloud Automation Center (vCAC) from VMware®, the vRealize Automation Cloud Automation Software from VMware®), interfaces, portals, etc. disclosed herein may be utilized individually and/or in any combination. For example, all or a subset of the described improvements may be utilized.

As used herein, availability refers to the level of redundancy required to provide continuous operation expected for the workload domain. As used herein, performance refers to the computer processing unit (CPU) operating speeds (e.g., CPU gigahertz (GHz)), memory (e.g., gigabytes (GB) of random access memory (RAM)), mass storage (e.g., GB hard drive disk (HDD), GB solid state drive (SSD)), and power capabilities of a workload domain. As used herein, capacity refers to the aggregate number of resources (e.g., aggregate storage, aggregate CPU, etc.) across all servers associated with a cluster and/or a workload domain. In some examples, the number of resources (e.g., capacity) for a workload domain is determined based on the redundancy, the CPU operating speed, the memory, the storage, the security, and/or the power requirements selected by a user. For example, more resources are required for a workload domain as the user-selected requirements increase (e.g., higher redundancy, CPU speed, memory, storage, security, and/or power options require more resources than lower redundancy, CPU speed, memory, storage, security, and/or power options).

Example Virtualization Environments

Many different types of virtualization environments exist. Three example types of virtualization environment are: full virtualization, paravirtualization, and operating system virtualization.

Full virtualization, as used herein, is a virtualization environment in which hardware resources are managed by a hypervisor to provide virtual hardware resources to a virtual machine. In a full virtualization environment, the virtual machines do not have access to the underlying hardware resources. In a typical full virtualization environment, a host operating system with embedded hypervisor (e.g., VMware ESXi®) is installed on the server hardware. Virtual machines including virtual hardware resources are then deployed on the hypervisor. A guest operating system is installed in the virtual machine. The hypervisor manages the association between the hardware resources of the server hardware and the virtual resources allocated to the virtual machines (e.g., associating physical random access memory (RAM) with virtual RAM). Typically, in full virtualization, the virtual machine and the guest operating system have no visibility and/or access to the hardware resources of the underlying server. Additionally, in full virtualization, a full guest operating system is typically installed in the virtual machine while a host operating system is installed on the server hardware. Example full virtualization environments include VMware ESX®, Microsoft Hyper-V®, and Kernel Based Virtual Machine (KVM).

Paravirtualization, as used herein, is a virtualization environment in which hardware resources are managed by a hypervisor to provide virtual hardware resources to a virtual machine and guest operating systems are also allowed access to some or all of the underlying hardware resources of the server (e.g., without accessing an intermediate virtual hardware resource). In a typical paravirtualization system, a host operating system (e.g., a Linux-based operating system) is installed on the server hardware. A hypervisor (e.g., the Xen® hypervisor) executes on the host operating system. Virtual machines including virtual hardware resources are then deployed on the hypervisor. The hypervisor manages the association between the hardware resources of the server hardware and the virtual resources allocated to the virtual machines (e.g., associating physical random access memory (RAM) with virtual RAM). In paravirtualization, the guest operating system installed in the virtual machine is configured also to have direct access to some or all of the hardware resources of the server. For example, the guest operating system may be precompiled with special drivers that allow the guest operating system to access the hardware resources without passing through a virtual hardware layer. For example, a guest operating system may be precompiled with drivers that allow the guest operating system to access a sound card installed in the server hardware. Directly accessing the hardware (e.g., without accessing the virtual hardware resources of the virtual machine) may be more efficient, may allow for performance of operations that are not supported by the virtual machine and/or the hypervisor, etc.

Operating system virtualization is also referred to herein as container virtualization. As used herein, operating system virtualization refers to a system in which processes are isolated in an operating system. In a typical operating system virtualization system, a host operating system is installed on the server hardware. Alternatively, the host operating system may be installed in a virtual machine of a full virtualization environment or a paravirtualization environment. The host operating system of an operating system virtualization system is configured (e.g., utilizing a customized kernel) to provide isolation and resource management for processes that execute within the host operating system (e.g., applications that execute on the host operating system). The isolation of the processes is known as a container. Thus, a process executes within a container that isolates the process from other processes executing on the host operating system. Thus, operating system virtualization provides isolation and resource management capabilities without the resource overhead utilized by a full virtualization environment or a paravirtualization environment. Example operating system virtualization environments include Linux Containers LXC and LXD, Docker™, OpenVZ™, etc.

In some instances, a data center (or pool of linked data centers) may include multiple different virtualization environments. For example, a data center may include hardware resources that are managed by a full virtualization environment, a paravirtualization environment, and an operating system virtualization environment. In such a data center, a workload may be deployed to any of the virtualization environments.

FIG. 1 depicts an example system 100 constructed in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure for managing a cloud computing platform. The example system 100 includes an application director 106 and a cloud manager 138 to manage a cloud computing platform provider 110 as described in more detail below. As described herein, the example system 100 facilitates management of the cloud provider 110 and does not include the cloud provider 110. Alternatively, the system 100 could be included in the cloud provider 110.

The cloud computing platform provider 110 provisions virtual computing resources (e.g., virtual machines, or “VMs,” 114) that may be accessed by users of the cloud computing platform 110 (e.g., users associated with an administrator 116 and/or a developer 118) and/or other programs, software, device. etc.

An example application 102 of FIG. 1 includes multiple VMs 114. The example VMs 114 of FIG. 1 provide different functions within the application 102 (e.g., services, portions of the application 102, etc.). One or more of the VMs 114 of the illustrated example are customized by an administrator 116 and/or a developer 118 of the application 102 relative to a stock or out-of-the-box (e.g., commonly available purchased copy) version of the services and/or application components. Additionally, the services executing on the example VMs 114 may have dependencies on other ones of the VMs 114.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the example cloud computing platform provider 110 may provide multiple deployment environments 112, for example, for development, testing, staging, and/or production of applications. The administrator 116, the developer 118, other programs, and/or other devices may access services from the cloud computing platform provider 110, for example, via REST (Representational State Transfer) APIs (Application Programming Interface) and/or via any other client-server communication protocol. Example implementations of a REST API for cloud computing services include a vCloud Administrator Center™ (vCAC) and/or vRealize Automation™ (vRA) API and a vCloud Director™ API available from VMware, Inc. The example cloud computing platform provider 110 provisions virtual computing resources (e.g., the VMs 114) to provide the deployment environments 112 in which the administrator 116 and/or the developer 118 can deploy multi-tier application(s). One particular example implementation of a deployment environment that may be used to implement the deployment environments 112 of FIG. 1 is vCloud DataCenter cloud computing services available from VMware, Inc.

In some examples disclosed herein, a lighter-weight virtualization is employed by using containers in place of the VMs 114 in the development environment 112. Example containers 114 a are software constructs that run on top of a host operating system without the need for a hypervisor or a separate guest operating system. Unlike virtual machines, the containers 114 a do not instantiate their own operating systems. Like virtual machines, the containers 114 a are logically separate from one another. Numerous containers can run on a single computer, processor system and/or in the same development environment 112. Also like virtual machines, the containers 114 a can execute instances of applications or programs (e.g., an example application 102 a) separate from application/program instances executed by the other containers in the same development environment 112.

The example application director 106 of FIG. 1, which may be running in one or more VMs, orchestrates deployment of multi-tier applications onto one of the example deployment environments 112. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the example application director 106 includes a topology generator 120, a deployment plan generator 122, and a deployment director 124.

The example topology generator 120 generates a basic blueprint 126 that specifies a logical topology of an application to be deployed. The example basic blueprint 126 generally captures the structure of an application as a collection of application components executing on virtual computing resources. For example, the basic blueprint 126 generated by the example topology generator 120 for an online store application may specify a web application (e.g., in the form of a Java web application archive or “WAR” file comprising dynamic web pages, static web pages, Java servlets, Java classes, and/or other property, configuration and/or resources files that make up a Java web application) executing on an application server (e.g., Apache Tomcat application server) that uses a database (e.g., MongoDB) as a data store. As used herein, the term “application” generally refers to a logical deployment unit, comprised of one or more application packages and their dependent middleware and/or operating systems. Applications may be distributed across multiple VMs. Thus, in the example described above, the term “application” refers to the entire online store application, including application server and database components, rather than just the web application itself. In some instances, the application may include the underlying hardware (e.g., virtual computing hardware) utilized to implement the components.

The example basic blueprint 126 of FIG. 1 may be assembled from items (e.g., templates) from a catalog 130, which is a listing of available virtual computing resources (e.g., VMs, networking, storage, etc.) that may be provisioned from the cloud computing platform provider 110 and available application components (e.g., software services, scripts, code components, application-specific packages) that may be installed on the provisioned virtual computing resources. The example catalog 130 may be pre-populated and/or customized by an administrator 116 (e.g., IT (Information Technology) or system administrator) that enters in specifications, configurations, properties, and/or other details about items in the catalog 130. Based on the application, the example blueprints 126 may define one or more dependencies between application components to indicate an installation order of the application components during deployment. For example, since a load balancer usually cannot be configured until a web application is up and running, the developer 118 may specify a dependency from an Apache service to an application code package.

The example deployment plan generator 122 of the example application director 106 of FIG. 1 generates a deployment plan 128 based on the basic blueprint 126 that includes deployment settings for the basic blueprint 126 (e.g., virtual computing resources' cluster size, CPU, memory, networks, etc.) and an execution plan of tasks having a specified order in which virtual computing resources are provisioned and application components are installed, configured, and started. The example deployment plan 128 of FIG. 1 provides an IT administrator with a process-oriented view of the basic blueprint 126 that indicates discrete actions to be performed to deploy the application. Different deployment plans 128 may be generated from a single basic blueprint 126 to test prototypes (e.g., new application versions), to scale up and/or scale down deployments, and/or to deploy the application to different deployment environments 112 (e.g., testing, staging, production). The deployment plan 128 is separated and distributed as local deployment plans having a series of tasks to be executed by the VMs 114 provisioned from the deployment environment 112. Each VM 114 coordinates execution of each task with a centralized deployment module (e.g., the deployment director 124) to ensure that tasks are executed in an order that complies with dependencies specified in the application blueprint 126.

The example deployment director 124 of FIG. 1 executes the deployment plan 128 by communicating with the cloud computing platform provider 110 via a cloud interface 132 to provision and configure the VMs 114 in the deployment environment 112. The example cloud interface 132 of FIG. 1 provides a communication abstraction layer by which the application director 106 may communicate with a heterogeneous mixture of cloud provider 110 and deployment environments 112. The deployment director 124 provides each VM 114 with a series of tasks specific to the receiving VM 114 (herein referred to as a “local deployment plan”). Tasks are executed by the VMs 114 to install, configure, and/or start one or more application components. For example, a task may be a script that, when executed by a VM 114, causes the VM 114 to retrieve and/or install particular instructions from a repository 134.

In some examples, the repository 134 is implemented by a file share. In some examples, the repository 134 is hosted by one or more VMs 114 within the deployment environment 112. In some examples, the repository 134 is implemented by one or more servers hosting files via a Server Message Block (SMB) share. Additionally or alternatively, files may be made available via the repository 134 using any other file sharing and/or networking protocol such as, file transfer protocol (FTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Common Internet File System (CIFS), etc. In some examples, the repository 134 may be implemented outside of the deployment environment 112.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, a single repository 134 is shown. However, in some examples, multiple repositories located in the same or different locations may be utilized. For example, a first repository may be managed and/or operated by a third party organization (e.g., a professional service organization (PSO)) that manages and/or develops instructions (e.g., develops executable code, develops workflows, etc.) for use within the deployment environment 112, while a second repository may be managed and/or operated within the deployment environment 112. Using a repository managed and/or operated within the deployment environment enables the administrator 116 to prepare instructions (e.g., batch files, PowerShell™ commands, etc.) that can be subsequently distributed to management agents for execution.

As noted above, the repository 134 stores instructions for execution at one or more VMs 114. In some examples, the instructions are PowerShell™ commands (e.g., .PS1 files). However, any other type(s) and/or format(s) of instructions may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the instructions may be executable instructions, archives of executable instructions, installers, batch files, scripts, etc.

In some examples, the instructions, when distributed to and/or executed by the VM 114, may cause one or component(s) of the VM 114 to become updated. In this manner, the administrator 116 can efficiently upgrade and/or update components of the VMs 114 in bulk, rather than having to individually administer each VM 114. In some examples, prior approaches to upgrading components of multiple VMs 114 in the deployment environment 112 (e.g., tens of VMs, hundreds of VMs, etc.) might take an administrator days to complete. Utilizing the approaches disclosed herein where instructions for execution by a management agent of each VM 114 are administered and distributed via a centralized management endpoint reduces the amount of time required to perform such upgrades and/or updates.

The example deployment director 124 coordinates with the VMs 114 to execute the tasks in an order that observes installation dependencies between VMs 114 according to the deployment plan 128. After the application has been deployed, the application director 106 may be utilized to monitor and/or modify (e.g., scale) the deployment.

The example cloud manager 138 of FIG. 1 interacts with the components of the system 100 (e.g., the application director 106 and the cloud provider 110) to facilitate the management of the resources of the cloud provider 110. The example cloud manager 138 includes a blueprint manager 140 to facilitate the creation and management of multi-machine blueprints and a resource manager 144 to reclaim unused cloud resources. The cloud manager 138 may additionally include other components for managing a cloud environment.

The example blueprint manager 140 of the illustrated example manages the creation of multi-machine blueprints that define the attributes of multiple virtual machines as a single container that can be provisioned, deployed, managed, etc. as a single unit. For example, a multi-machine blueprint may include definitions for multiple basic blueprints that make up a service (e.g., an e-commerce provider that includes web servers, application servers, and database servers). A basic blueprint is a definition of policies (e.g., hardware policies, security policies, network policies, etc.) for a single machine (e.g., a single virtual machine such as a web server virtual machine). Accordingly, the blueprint manager 140 facilitates more efficient management of multiple virtual machines than manually managing (e.g., deploying) virtual machine basic blueprints individually. The management of multi-machine blueprints is described in further detail in conjunction with FIG. 2.

The example blueprint manager 140 of FIG. 1 additionally annotates basic blueprints and/or multi-machine blueprints to control how workflows associated with the basic blueprints and/or multi-machine blueprints are executed. A workflow is a series of actions and decisions to be executed in a virtual computing platform. The example system 100 includes first and second distributed execution manager(s) (DEM(s)) 146A and 146B to execute workflows. According to the illustrated example, the first DEM 146A includes a first set of characteristics and is physically located at a first location 148A. The second DEM 146B includes a second set of characteristics and is physically located at a second location 148B. The location and characteristics of a DEM may make that DEM more suitable for performing certain workflows. For example, a DEM may include hardware particularly suited for performance of certain tasks (e.g., high-end calculations), may be located in a desired area (e.g., for compliance with local laws that require certain operations to be physically performed within a country's boundaries), may specify a location or distance to other DEMS for selecting a nearby DEM (e.g., for reducing data transmission latency), etc. Thus, the example blueprint manager 140 annotates basic blueprints and/or multi-machine blueprints with skills that can be performed by a DEM that is labeled with the same skill.

The resource manager 144 of the illustrated example facilitates recovery of cloud computing resources of the cloud provider 110 that are no longer being activity utilized. Automated reclamation may include identification, verification and/or reclamation of unused, underutilized, etc. resources to improve the efficiency of the running cloud infrastructure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example implementation of the blueprint 126 as a multi-machine blueprint generated by the example blueprint manager 140 of FIG. 1. In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, three example basic blueprints (a web server blueprint 202, an application server blueprint 204, and a database (DB) server blueprint 206) have been created (e.g., by the topology generator 120). For example, the web server blueprint 202, the application server blueprint 204, and the database server blueprint 206 may define the components of an e-commerce online store.

The example blueprint manager 140 provides a user interface for a user of the blueprint manager 140 (e.g., the administrator 116, the developer 118, etc.) to specify blueprints (e.g., basic blueprints and/or multi-machine blueprints) to be assigned to an instance of a multi-machine blueprint 208. For example, the user interface may include a list of previously generated basic blueprints (e.g., the web server blueprint 202, the application server blueprint 204, the database server blueprint 206, etc.) to allow selection of desired blueprints. The blueprint manager 140 combines the selected blueprints into the definition of the multi-machine blueprint 208 and stores information about the blueprints in a multi-machine blueprint record defining the multi-machine blueprint 208. The blueprint manager 140 may additionally include a user interface to specify other characteristics corresponding to the multi-machine blueprint 208. For example, a creator of the multi-machine blueprint 208 may specify a minimum and maximum number of each blueprint component of the multi-machine blueprint 208 that may be provisioned during provisioning of the multi-machine blueprint 208.

Accordingly, any number of virtual machines (e.g., the virtual machines associated with the blueprints in the multi-machine blueprint 208) may be managed collectively. For example, the multiple virtual machines corresponding to the multi-machine blueprint 208 may be provisioned based on an instruction to provision the multi-machine blueprint 208, may be power cycled by an instruction, may be shut down by an instruction, may be booted by an instruction, etc. As illustrated in FIG. 2, an instruction to provision the multi-machine blueprint 208 may result in the provisioning of a multi-machine service formed from one or more VMs 114 that includes web server(s) 210A, application server(s) 210B, and database server(s) 210C. The number of machines provisioned for each blueprint may be specified during the provisioning of the multi-machine blueprint 208 (e.g., subject to the limits specified during creation or management of the multi-machine blueprint 208).

The multi-machine blueprint 208 maintains the reference to the basic blueprints 202, 204, 206. Accordingly, changes made to the blueprints (e.g., by a manager of the blueprints different than the manager of the multi-machine blueprint 208) may be incorporated into future provisioning of the multi-machine blueprint 208. Accordingly, an administrator maintaining the source blueprints (e.g., an administrator charged with managing the web server blueprint 202) may change or update the source blueprint and the changes may be propagated to the machines provisioned from the multi-machine blueprint 208. For example, if an operating system update is applied to a disk image referenced by the web server blueprint 202 (e.g., a disk image embodying the primary disk of the web server blueprint 202), the updated disk image is utilized when deploying the multi-machine blueprint. Additionally, the blueprints may specify that the machines 210A, 210B, 210C of the multi-machine service 210 provisioned from the multi-machine blueprint 208 operate in different environments. For example, some components may be physical machines, some may be on-premise virtual machines, and some may be virtual machines at a cloud service.

Several multi-machine blueprints may be generated to provide one or more varied or customized services. For example, if virtual machines deployed in the various States of the United States require different settings, a multi-machine blueprint could be generated for each state. The multi-machine blueprints could reference the same build profile and/or disk image, but may include different settings specific to each state. For example, the deployment workflow may include an operation to set a locality setting of an operating system to identify a particular State in which a resource is physically located. Thus, a single disk image may be utilized for multiple multi-machine blueprints reducing the amount of storage space for storing disk images compared with storing a disk image for each customized setting.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example installation of deployed VMs 114 (also referred to as appliances or virtual appliances (vAs)) and associated servers acting as hosts for deployment of component servers (e.g., Web server, application server, database server, etc.) for a customer. The vAs can be deployed as an automation tool, for example, used to deliver VMs and associated applications for on-premise automation and/or handling of external cloud resources (e.g., Microsoft Azure™, Amazon Web Services™, etc.).

As shown in the example of FIG. 3A, an installation 300 includes a load balancer (LB) 310 to assign tasks and/or manage access among a plurality of vAs 320, 322, 324. In some examples, the example vA 320 executes the example catalog 130, the example repository 134, the example application director 106, the example cloud manager 138, etc. Each vA 320-324 is a deployed VM 114, and the vA 320 communicates with a plurality of component or host servers 330, 332, 334, 336 which store components for execution by users (e.g., Web server 210A with Web components, App server 210B with application components, DB server 210C with database components, etc.). In some examples, the example component server 330, 332, 334, 336 executes the example distributed Execution Manager(s) 146A. Additionally or alternatively, the example component server 330, 332, 334, 336 may perform any functionality that is performed by the vA 320 such as, the example catalog 130, the example repository 134, the example application director 106, the example cloud manager 138, etc. Performing functionality that would have been performed by the vA 320 at the component server 330, 332, 334, 336 enables processing loads that would otherwise be concentrated at a VM 114 hosting the vA 320 to be distributed to a different VM.

As shown in the example of FIG. 3A, component servers 334, 336 can stem from component server 330 rather than directly from the virtual appliance 320, although the vA 320 can still communicate with such servers 334, 336. The LB 310 enables the multiple vAs 320-324 and multiple servers 330-336 to appear as one device to a user. Access to functionality can then be distributed among appliances 320-324 by the LB 310 and among servers 330-336 by the respective appliance 320, for example. The LB 310 can use least response time, round-robin, and/or other method to balance traffic to vAs 320-324 and servers 330-336, for example.

In the example installation 300, each vA 320, 322, 324 includes a management endpoint 340, 342, 344. Each component server 330, 332, 334, 336 includes a management agent 350, 352, 354, 356. The management agents 350-356 can communicate with their respective endpoint 340 to facilitate transfer of data, execution of tasks, etc., for example.

In certain examples, a graphical user interface associated with a front end of the load balancer 310 guides a customer through one or more questions to determine system requirements for the installation 300. Once the customer has completed the questionnaire and provided firewall access to install the agents 350-356, the agents 350-356 communicate with the endpoint 340 without customer involvement. Thus, for example, if a new employee needs a Microsoft Windows® machine, a manager selects an option (e.g., clicks a button, etc.) via the graphical user interface to install a VM 114 that is managed through the installation 300. To the user, he or she is working on a single machine, but behind the scenes, the virtual appliance 320 is accessing different servers 330-336 depending upon what functionality is to be executed.

In certain examples, agents 350-356 are deployed in a same data center as the endpoint 340 to which the agents 350-356 are associated. The deployment can include a plurality of agent servers 330-336 distributed worldwide, and the deployment can be scalable to accommodate additional server(s) with agent(s) to increase throughput and concurrency, for example.

In some examples, a management agent 350 is included in the virtual appliance 320, 322, 324 to facilitate execution of instructions at the virtual appliance 320, 322, 324. For example, the example management endpoint 340 might instruct a management agent operated at the virtual appliance 320 to execute an instruction to update the management endpoint 340. In some examples, the instructions that can be executed by a management agent operated at the virtual appliance 320 are different from the instructions that can be executed by a management agent operated at the component server 330, 332, 334, 336. For example, if the virtual appliance 320 were operated in a Linux environment and the component server 330 were operated in a Microsoft Windows® environment, the instructions supported by a management agent operated in each of those environments may be different (e.g., some of the instructions may be restricted and/or may not be available for execution on one or more of the systems).

FIG. 3B is a block diagram representing an example arrangement 380 of the virtual appliance 320 of FIG. 3A operating the management endpoint 340, and the component server 330 of FIG. 3A operating the management agent 350. In the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, both the vA 320 and the component server 330 of FIG. 3B are operated within the same deployment environment 112. In the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, the example vA 320 includes the management endpoint 340 and the repository 134. In some examples, the repository 134 is implemented by another component of the deployment environment 112 that is separate from the vA 320. The example component server 330 includes the management agent 350 and a PowerShell™ runtime environment 386. The example PowerShell™ runtime environment 386 of the illustrated example of FIG. 3B is implemented by the Microsoft PowerShell™ framework. The PowerShell™ runtime environment 386 executes PowerShell™ scripts, commands, files, etc. at the direction of the management agent 350. In the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, the PowerShell™ runtime environment 386 is specific to implementations on component server(s) 330, 332, 334 that implement a Microsoft Windows™ Operating system. However, any other runtime environment and/or instruction execution system may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the example PowerShell™ runtime environment 386 may be replaced by a script interpreter (e.g., a Perl interpreter, a Python interpreter, etc.).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, the example management agent 350 requests an indication of an instruction to be executed from the management endpoint 340 (line 381). The management endpoint 340 provides the indication of the instruction to be executed to the management agent 350 (line 382). In some examples, the indication of the instruction to be executed is formatted as an extensible markup language (XML) document that identifies, for example, a name of the instruction to be executed (e.g., “perform upgrade.ps1”), a location from which the instruction is to be retrieved, one or more parameter (e.g., command line parameters) that are to be used and/or specified when executing the instruction, an expected result of the instruction, and/or any other information to facilitate execution of the instruction at the component server 330.

The management agent 350 retrieves the instruction to be executed from the repository 134 based on the information included in the indication of the instruction to be executed. (line 383). The repository 134 provides the instruction to the management agent 350 (line 384). The management agent 350 provides the instruction to the PowerShell™ runtime environment 386 for execution (line 385).

FIG. 3C is a block diagram representing an example alternative arrangement 390 of the virtual appliance of FIG. 3A operating the management endpoint, and the component server of FIG. 3A operating the management agent. In contrast to the example arrangement 380 of FIG. 3B, the example arrangement 390 of FIG. 3C implements the example repository 134 at a third party site 399 that is outside of the deployment environment 112. In the illustrated example of FIG. 3C, the repository 134 from which the management agent 350 retrieves instructions for execution is managed and/or operated by a third party organization (e.g., a professional service organization (PSO)) that manages and/or develops instructions (e.g., develops executable code, develops workflows, etc.). Such an approach enables an administrator of the deployment environment to easily work with third party software providers (e.g., consultants, PSOs, etc.) that create instructions (e.g., executable files) that may be customized for the deployment environment 112. In this manner, the administrator can simply direct the management endpoint 340 to cause the management agents 350 to retrieve the instructions from the repository 134 hosted at the third party site 399 by the third party organization, and execute those instructions. Such an approach alleviates storage needs within the deployment environment 112. Such an approach also facilitates more rapid development and deployment of instructions, as instructions need not first be populated into a repository within the deployment environment 112.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example implementation of the vA 320. In the example of FIG. 4, the vA 320 includes a service provisioner 410, an orchestrator 420, an event broker 430, an authentication provider 440, an internal reverse proxy 450, a database 460, and the management endpoint 340 (see FIG. 3A). The components 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 340 of the vA 320 may be implemented by one or more of the VMs 114. The example service provisioner 410 provides services to provision interfaces (e.g., Web interface, application interface, etc.) for the vA 320. The example orchestrator (e.g., vCO) 420 is an embedded or internal orchestrator that can leverage a provisioning manager, such as the application director 106 and/or cloud manager 138, to provision VM services but is embedded in the vA 320. For example, the vCO 420 can be used to invoke a blueprint to provision a manager for services. The example management endpoint 340 interfaces within management agents (e.g., management agent 350) of respective component servers (e.g., component server 330) to provide indications of instructions to be executed by the management agent(s) 350 and/or receive results and/or statuses of execution of those instructions. An example implementation of an example management agent 350 is disclosed below in connection with FIG. 6.

Example services can include catalog services, identity services, component registry services, event broker services, IaaS, repository services, etc. Catalog services provide a user interface via which a user can request provisioning of different preset environments (e.g., a VM including an operating system and software and some customization, etc.), for example. Identity services facilitate authentication and authorization of users and assigned roles, for example. The component registry maintains information installed and deployed services (e.g., uniform resource locators for services installed in a VM/vA, etc.), for example. The event broker provides a messaging broker for event-based communication, for example. The IaaS provisions one or more VMs for a customer via the vA 320.

Repository services enable the vA 320 to operate a repository such as, the repository 134 of FIG. 1. In this manner, the repository 134 may be implemented within the deployment environment 112 (e.g., as a component of the vA 320) and/or external to the deployment environment 112. Implementing the repository 134 within the deployment environment 112 enables an administrator 116 of the deployment environment 112 to host instructions for execution at monitoring agents within the deployment environment. In this manner, an administrator can implement configurations that are specific to their deployment environment 112 without having to reference a third party and/or publicly available repository. In contrast, in some examples, the repository 134 may be hosted outside of the deployment environment 112 (e.g., within another deployment environment hosted by the cloud provider 110, outside of the control of the cloud provider 110, etc.) Implementing the repository 134 outside of the deployment environment 112 enables the administrator 116 to configure the management endpoint 340 to instruct one or more management endpoints 350 to retrieve and/or execute instructions hosted by a third party (e.g., a developer, a professional services organization (PSO), a publicly available website, etc.). Such an approach is useful when a third party provides instructions (e.g., executables) that may be updated by the third party.

The example event broker 430 provides a mechanism to handle tasks which are transferred between services with the orchestrator 420. The example authentication provider 440 (e.g., VMware Horizon™ services, etc.) authenticates access to services and data, for example.

The components of the vA 320 access each other through REST API calls behind the internal reverse proxy 450 (e.g., a high availability (HA) proxy HAProxy) which provides a high availability load balancer and proxy for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)- and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-based application requests. The proxy 450 forwards communication traffic from within the vA 320 and/or between vAs 320, 322, 324 of FIG. 3A to the appropriate component(s) of the vA 320. In certain examples, services access the local host/proxy 450 on a particular port, and the call is masked by the proxy 450 and forwarded to the particular component of the vA 320. Since the call is masked by the proxy 450, components can be adjusted within the vA 320 without impacting outside users.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram representing an example implementation of the example management endpoint 340 of the example VA 320 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 4. The example management endpoint 340 of FIG. 5 includes a management agent interface 510, a queue manager 520, an instruction queue 530, a result data store 540, and a result interface 550.

The example management agent interface 510 of the illustrated example of FIG. 5 implements a REST (Representational State Transfer) API (Application Programming Interface) that is responsive to requests from the management agent 350 for indications of instructions in the instruction queue 530. In some examples, the example management agent interface 510 handles incoming requests from management agent(s), and identifies an instruction stored in the instruction queue 530 to be executed by the management agent from which the request was received. The example management agent interface 510 responds to the request with an indication of the instruction to be executed. In some examples, the indication of the instruction to be executed is formatted as an extensible markup language (XML) document that identifies, for example, a name of the instruction to be executed (e.g., “perform upgrade.ps1”), a location from which the instruction is to be retrieved, one or more parameter (e.g., command line parameters) that are to be used and/or specified when executing the instruction, an expected result of the instruction, and/or any other information to facilitate execution of the instruction at the component server 330. Of course, any other type and/or format for the indication of the instruction to be executed may additionally or alternatively be used.

As noted above, the example management agent interface 510 implements a REST API. However, any other approach to implementing the example management agent interface 510 may additionally or alternatively be used. In some examples, the management agent 350 periodically and/or aperiodically polls and/or otherwise requests instructions from the management agent interface 510. The example management agent interface 510 responds to such requests with an indication of an instruction (if any) to be executed by the example management agent 350. However, any other approach to informing the example management agent 350 may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the example management agent interface 510 may provide an interface for the management agent 350 to subscribe to indications of instructions from the management endpoint 340 such that the management agent interface 510 contacts the management agent 350 to inform the management agent 350 of the instruction for execution. Such an approach may be implemented using a REST subscription interface. However, any other type of subscription interface may additionally or alternatively be used.

The example queue manager 520 of the illustrated example of FIG. 5 manages a queue of instructions to be executed by the example management agent 350. In some examples, instructions are added to the queue at the request of an administrator. However, instructions may be added to the queue in response to any other event such as, a scheduled task, an error identified by a management agent, etc. In some examples, multiple different queues are managed corresponding to multiple different management agents that work in communication with the management endpoint 340. Upon receipt of an indication of whether an instruction in the queue has been executed at a component server, the example queue manager 520 removes the instruction from the instruction queue 530 associated with that component server. However, in some examples, the instruction may remain in the queue, but be labeled with a status of the execution of the instruction. In this manner, when a request is received for an instruction to be executed, a result of such query might be limited to only those instructions where execution has not already been attempted.

The example instruction queue 530 of the illustrated example of FIG. 5 stores indications of instructions to be executed at a component servers 330 (at the direction of the management agent 350 of each component server 330). In some examples, additional parameters concerning the indication of the instructions are also stored in the instruction queue 530 such as, a name of the instruction to be executed (e.g., “perform upgrade.ps1”), a location from which the instruction is to be retrieved, one or more parameters (e.g., command line parameters) that are to be used and/or specified when executing the instruction, an expected result of the instruction, an indication of one or more instructions to be executed and/or actions to be performed when a result of the execution of the instruction does not match the expected result, and/or any other information to facilitate execution of the instruction at the component server 330. In some examples, the example instruction queue 530 may be any device for storing data such as, flash memory, magnetic media, optical media, etc. Furthermore, the data stored in the example instruction queue 530 may be in any data format such as, binary data, comma delimited data, tab delimited data, structured query language (SQL) structures, etc. While, in the illustrated example, the example instruction queue 530 is illustrated as a single database, the example instruction queue 530 may be implemented by any number and/or type(s) of databases.

The example result data store 540 of the illustrated example of FIG. 5 stores results of the execution of instructions by the management agents 350. In some examples, the example result data store 540 may be any device for storing data such as, flash memory, magnetic media, optical media, etc. Furthermore, the data stored in the example result data store 540 may be in any data format such as, binary data, comma delimited data, tab delimited data, structured query language (SQL) structures, etc. While, in the illustrated example, the example result data store 540 is illustrated as a single database, the example result data store 540 may be implemented by any number and/or type(s) of databases.

The example result interface 550 of the illustrated example of FIG. 5 enables an administrator to review the results of the instruction execution(s) stored in the example result data stored 540. In some examples, the example result interface 550 is implemented as a webpage. However, any other approach to implementing the result interface 550 may additionally or alternatively be used.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram representing an example implementation of the example component server 330 of the illustrated example of FIG. 3A. The example component server 330 includes the management agent 350, an instruction executor 610, and an instruction cache 620. The example management agent 350 includes a management endpoint interface 630, an instruction retriever 640, an instruction validator 650, an instruction executor interface 660, and a result cache 670.

The example instruction executor 610 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 executes instructions stored in the instruction cache 620 at the request of the instruction executor interface 660. The example instruction executor 610 is implemented by a command execution framework such as, for example the Microsoft™ PowerShell™ framework. However, any other type of command execution framework such as, a scripting interpreter framework (e.g., Perl, Python, etc.), an executable framework, an operating system kernel, etc. may additionally or alternatively be used.

In some examples, the example instruction executor 610 is separate from the management agent 350. Since the instruction executor 610 is separate from the management agent 350, the instruction executor 610 can execute instructions that affect the operation of the management agent 350. For example, the instruction executor 610 may execute an instruction that causes the management agent 350 to become updated and/or upgraded. Such an upgrade and/or installation of the management agent 350 may involve uninstalling the management agent 350 having a first version and subsequently installing the management agent 350 having a second version. In some examples, the management agent 350 might alternatively be downgraded to address, for example, an issue encountered subsequent to a prior upgrade and/or installation. Enabling the management agent 350 to be updated and/or upgraded by the instruction executor 610 is beneficial because, through the use of distributed execution of such installations, upgrades can be completed in a more timely fashion as compared to manual installation of an upgrade. In this manner, hundreds or thousands of management agents can rapidly be upgraded, rebooted, restarted, etc.

The example instruction cache 620 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 is a local storage of the component server 330. In some examples, the example instruction cache 620 is a directory within a file system hosted by the example component server 330. However, in some examples, the example instruction cache 620 may be implemented by any type of file storage system. In some examples, the example instruction cache 620 may be remote from the component server 330.

The example management endpoint interface 630 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 transmits a request to the management endpoint 340 for an indication of an instruction to be executed at the component server 330. In some examples, the request is formatted using a representational state transfer (REST) protocol. However, any other past, present, and/or future protocol and/or approach for requesting an indication of an instruction to be executed may additionally or alternatively be used. In some examples, the example management endpoint 340 responds to the request with an indication of the instruction to be executed. As noted above, the example indication of the instruction to be executed is formatted as an extensible markup language (XML) document that identifies, for example, a name of the instruction to be executed (e.g., “perform upgrade.ps1”), a location from which the instruction is to be retrieved, one or more parameter (e.g., command line parameters) that are to be used and/or specified when executing the instruction, an expected result of the instruction, and/or any other information to facilitate execution of the instruction at the component server 330. However, any other type and/or format for the indication of the instruction to be executed may additionally or alternatively be used.

In some examples, the management endpoint interface 630 periodically polls and/or otherwise requests instructions from the management endpoint 340. However, any other periodic and/or aperiodic approach to requesting an indication of an instruction from the management endpoint 340 may additionally or alternatively be used such as, polling the management endpoint 340 when resources of the component server 330 are idle, polling the management endpoint 340 in response to completion of execution of a prior instruction, etc. In some examples, the example management endpoint interface 630 may subscribe to indications of instructions from the management endpoint 340 such that the management endpoint 340 contacts the management endpoint interface 630 via the subscription connection to inform the management agent 350 of the instruction for execution. Such an approach may be implemented using a REST subscription interface. However, any other type of subscription interface may additionally or alternatively be used.

The example instruction retriever 640 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 determines whether instructions identified in the indication received from the management endpoint 340 are stored in the instruction cache 620 and, if not, attempts to retrieve the instructions. In some examples, the example instruction retriever 640 retrieves the instructions from the repository 134 at the direction of the indication of the instruction to be executed provided by the management endpoint 340. That is, when providing the indication of the instruction to be executed, the management endpoint 340 identifies the repository and/or another location where the instructions may be retrieved. In some examples, the indication of the instruction to be executed also identifies a version of the instruction (e.g., version 1.2) to be executed. In such an example, in addition to determining that the instruction is present in the instruction cache 620, the example instruction retriever 640 verifies whether a specified version of the instruction is present in the instruction cache 620. If the specified version is not present, the specified version of the instruction is retrieved from the repository 134.

The example instruction validator 650 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 validates and/or otherwise verifies that the instructions retrieved from the repository 134 by the instruction retriever 640 are valid. In some examples, the example repository 134, when providing the instructions, additionally provides a checksum (e.g., an MD5 hash) of the instructions. The example instruction validator 650 computes a checksum of the retrieved instructions and compares the computed checksum to the checksum provided by the repository 134. If the checksums do not match, the instructions are not valid and should not be executed (as unexpected results could occur). While in some examples the example instruction validator 650 validates based on a checksum, any other approach to validating whether the instructions are valid for execution at the component server 330 may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the example instruction validator 650 may verify that any pre-requisites of the instructions have already been installed and/or are otherwise available for execution of the instructions, the example instruction validator 650 may perform a virus scan on the instructions, the example instruction validator 650 may verify a syntax and/or structure of the instructions, etc.

The example instruction executor interface 660 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 interacts with the instruction executor 610 to cause the instruction executor 610 to execute the instructions stored in the instruction cache 620 by the instruction retriever 640. In some examples, the example instruction executor interface 660 provides input parameters to the instruction executor 610 specified in the indication of the instruction to be executed provided by the management endpoint 340.

The example instruction executor interface 660 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 monitors an output of the instruction executor 610. In some examples, the example instruction executor interface 660 monitors a standard output (e.g., a command line output) of the instruction executor 610. However, any other approach to monitoring an output of the example instruction executor 610 may additionally or alternatively be used such as, a standard error interface, an event log, an output file, etc. The example instruction executor interface 660 stores the result of the execution of the instruction in the example result cache 670.

The example result cache 670 of the illustrated example of FIG. 6 stores execution results collected by the instruction executor interface 660. Results stored in the example result cache 670 may be cleared (e.g., deleted and/or otherwise removed) from the result cache 670 when the example management endpoint interface 630 transmits the results stored in the result cache 670 to the management endpoint 340. In some examples, the example result cache 670 may be any device for storing data such as, flash memory, magnetic media, optical media, etc. Furthermore, the data stored in the example result cache 670 may be in any data format such as, binary data, comma delimited data, tab delimited data, structured query language (SQL) structures, etc. While, in the illustrated example, the example result cache 670 is illustrated as a single database, the example result cache 670 may be implemented by any number and/or type(s) of databases.

While an example manner of implementing the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 4 is illustrated in FIG. 5, and an example manner of implementing the example management agent 350 of FIG. 3A is illustrated in FIG. 6, one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, 5, and/or 6 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example management agent interface 510, the example queue manager 520, the example instruction queue 530, the example result data store 540, the example result interface 550, and/or, more generally, the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and/or the example management endpoint interface 630, the example instruction retriever 640, the example instruction validator 650, the example instruction executor interface 660, the example result cache 670, and/or, more generally, the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example management agent interface 510, the example queue manager 520, the example instruction queue 530, the example result data store 540, the example result interface 550, and/or, more generally, the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and/or the example management endpoint interface 630, the example instruction retriever 640, the example instruction validator 650, the example instruction executor interface 660, the example result cache 670, and/or, more generally, the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6 could be implemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example management agent interface 510, the example queue manager 520, the example instruction queue 530, the example result data store 540, the example result interface 550, and/or, more generally, the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and/or the example management endpoint interface 630, the example instruction retriever 640, the example instruction validator 650, the example instruction executor interface 660, the example result cache 670, and/or, more generally, the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and/or the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 3A, 4, 5, and/or 6, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5 and/or the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6 are shown in FIGS. 7 and/or 8. In these examples, the machine readable instructions implement programs for execution by a processor such as the processor 912, 1012 shown in the example processor platform 900, 1000 discussed below in connection with FIGS. 9 and/or 10. The programs may be embodied in software stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 912, 1012, but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 912, 1012 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example programs are described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 7 and/or 8, many other methods of deploying, managing, and updating workload domains in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. As used herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangible machine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. In some examples, the example processes of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” is open ended. Comprising and all other variants of “comprise” are expressly defined to be open-ended terms. Including and all other variants of “include” are also defined to be open-ended terms. In contrast, the term consisting and/or other forms of consist are defined to be close-ended terms.

FIG. 7 is a sequence diagram 700 representative of operations performed by the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6, the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5, and the example repository 134 of FIG. 1. The example sequence 700 of FIG. 7 begins with the example queue manager 520 of the example management endpoint 340 managing a queue of instructions to be executed by the management agent 350 (block 705). In some examples, the example queue manager 520 utilizes a first-in-first-out approach to scheduling execution of instructions at the management agent(s) 350. That is, instructions are queued for execution at the management agent(s) in the order in which they are identified for execution (e.g., by an administrator). However, any other approach to scheduling may additionally or alternatively be used such as, a first-in-last-out approach. When the example management agent 350 identifies that execution of an instruction has completed (e.g., a successful execution, a failure, etc.) the example queue manager 520 removes such instructions from the queue of instructions to be executed.

The example management agent 350 queries the management endpoint 340 for an indication of instructions to be executed by the management agent 350 (block 710). The example management endpoint 340 identifies an instruction to be executed by the management agent and responds to the request received from the management agent 350 with an indication of the instruction to be executed (block 715). In some examples, the indication of the instruction includes a name of the instruction to be executed (e.g., “perform upgrade.ps1”), a location from which the instruction is to be retrieved, one or more parameter (e.g., command line parameters) that are to be used and/or specified when executing the instruction, an expected result of the instruction, and/or any other information to facilitate execution of the instruction at the component server 330.

In some other examples, the example management endpoint 340 may determine that no instructions are to be executed, and a response indicative of the same may be sent to the example management endpoint interface 530. In such an example, the example sequence of FIG. 7 may be terminated, and the management agent 350 may subsequently periodically and/or aperiodically solicit an indication of an instruction to be executed from the management endpoint 340.

Upon receipt of an indication of an instruction to be executed, the example management agent 350 validates the indication of the instructions (block 720). In some examples, the indication of the instructions may be incomplete, malformed, and/or not supported. If the example management agent 350 determines that the indication of the instructions is valid, the example management endpoint interface 530 provides a status update to the management endpoint 340 indicating that the management agent 350 is processing the indication of the instruction (block 722). The example management agent 350 transmits a request to the repository 134 to retrieve the instructions (block 725). The example repository 134 provides the instructions and a checksum (e.g., an MD5 hash) to facilitate verification of the instructions. In some examples, the checksum may be provided to the management agent 350 as part of the indication of the instruction(s) (e.g., provided in block 715). The checksum enables the management agent 350 to verify that the proper instructions were retrieved from the repository 134. The example management agent 350 stores the instructions in the instruction cache 620 (block 735). In the illustrated example of FIG. 7, the instructions are retrieved (block 725) from the repository 134 upon each indication of instructions to be executed. In some examples, the retrieved instructions overwrite previously stored instructions. In some examples, the instructions are removed after execution such that only those instructions to be executed are locally stored at the management agent 350. While in the illustrated example of FIG. 7, the instructions are not retrieved from the repository 134 each time and may, for example, be cached at the management agent 350. In such examples, the example management agent 350 determines whether the instruction to be executed is known (e.g., locally stored at the management agent 350 and/or accessible by the management agent 350) prior to retrieving the instruction (block 725) from the repository 134.

The example management agent 350 determines whether the retrieved instructions are valid (block 740). The example management agent 350 may determine whether the retrieved instructions are valid by, for example, computing a checksum of the retrieved instructions stored in the instruction cache 620 and comparing the computed checksum against the checksum provided by the repository 134 (and/or the management endpoint 340). However, any other approach to validating retrieved instructions may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, validating the instructions may involve verifying that any pre-requisites of the instructions have already been installed and/or are otherwise available for execution of the instructions, performing a virus scan on the instructions, etc.

The example management agent 350 causes the instructions to be executed (block 750). When the instructions are executed, results of the execution are output via, for example, a standard out interface, a standard error interface, an event log, an output file, etc. The example management agent 350 collects the output of the execution of the instructions (block 755) and stores the output of the execution of the instructions as a result (block 760). The example management agent 350 collects the output of the execution of the instructions by, for example, monitoring the standard out interface, monitoring the standard error interface, monitoring the event log, monitoring the output file, etc. Such monitoring of the output of the execution of the instruction is performed until execution of the instruction is complete (e.g., until the instruction completes its normal operation, until the instruction execution is terminated, until a timeout is reached, etc.) When the execution of the instruction is complete, the example management agent 350 provides a status of the execution of the instruction to the management endpoint 340 indicating that execution of the instruction has completed (block 765).

If the example management agent 350 determines that the indication of the instructions are not valid (block 720), the example management agent 350 provides a status update to the management endpoint 340 indicating that the instructions and/or the indication of the instructions were rejected (block 770). The example management agent 350 stores a result indicating that the validation failed (block 775). In some examples, the result indicates a reason for the failed validation (e.g., a checksum failure, a missing pre-requisite, a virus scan, etc.).

In some examples, the example management agent 350 deletes the instructions from the instruction cache 620 (block 780). Deleting and/or otherwise removing the instructions from the instruction cache 620 ensures that instructions that failed validation (e.g., an instruction where a computed checksum did not match a checksum provided by the repository, an instruction that failed a virus scan, etc.) are not left on the component server 330.

The collected results are sent to the monitoring endpoint 340 by the management agent 350 (block 785). The example management endpoint 340 stores the received results in the result data store 540 (block 790). In this manner, results of the execution of the instruction(s) across multiple management agents are centralized to a single management endpoint 340 such that the management endpoint can report upon the status of the execution of the instruction(s) across the multiple management agents using a single interface. The example queue manager 520 of the example management endpoint 340 de-queues the instruction identified to the management agent (see block 715) such that the instruction is not provided to the management agent 350 in response to subsequent requests (block 795). The example sequence 700 of FIG. 7 is then repeated periodically and/or aperiodically to solicit an indication of an instruction to be executed from the management endpoint 340.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6. The example process 800 of FIG. 8 begins at block 810 when the example management endpoint interface 630 queries the management endpoint 340 for an indication of instructions to be executed by the management agent 350 (block 810). As noted in connection with FIG. 7, the example management endpoint 340 determines whether an instruction is to be executed and, if so, responds to the request received from the management endpoint interface 630 with an indication of the instruction to be executed. In some examples, the example management endpoint 340 may determine that no instructions are to be executed, and a response indicative of the same may be sent to the example management endpoint interface 630. In such an example, the example process of FIG. 8 may be repeated periodically and/or aperiodically to solicit in an indication of an instruction to be executed from the management endpoint. Upon receipt of an indication of an instruction to be executed, the example instruction retriever 640 determines whether the instruction to be executed is stored in the instruction cache 620 (block 820). As noted above, the instruction to be executed may be, for example, a command, a script (e.g., a Windows' batch file, a Windows' PowerShell′ script, a Perl script, etc.), an executable file, an installed program, etc. In some examples, the example instruction retriever 640 inspects the instruction cache 620 of the component server 330 to determine whether the instruction is known (e.g., is the identified instruction stored in the instruction cache 620).

If the example instruction retriever 540 determines that the instruction is not stored in the instruction cache 620 (e.g., block 820 returns a result of NO), the example instruction retriever 640 retrieves the instructions from the repository 134 (block 825). In some examples, the repository 134 is implemented by a file share. The example instruction retriever 640 retrieves the instruction by, for example, transmitting a request to the repository 134 and receiving one or more response messages including the instructions. However, any other approach to obtaining instructions from a repository may additionally or alternatively be used. In some examples, the example repository 134, in addition to providing the instructions, also provides a checksum (e.g., an MD5 hash) to facilitate verification of the instructions. However, any other validation scheme may additionally or alternatively be used. In the illustrated example of FIG. 8, the instructions are provided in a compressed format (e.g., as a .zip file). However, any other compression format may additionally or alternatively be used. The example instruction retriever decompresses the instructions to an uncompressed state (block 826). Providing instruction packages in a compressed state is useful when, for example, the instructions are binary instructions for execution by the operating system of the component server 330, as such compression reduces data transmission requirements as well as storage requirements of the repository 134. In contrast, instructions that are formatted as script instructions (which may be, for example, only a few lines and/or bytes of instructions) for execution by a script interpreter such as the Microsoft′ PowerShell′ Framework might not be compressed because the storage space reduction does not outweigh the processing requirements on each of the component servers 330 to decompress the instructions. The example instruction retriever 640 stores the instructions in the instruction cache 620 (block 835).

The example instruction validator 650 determines whether the retrieved instructions are valid (block 840). The example instruction validator 650 may determine whether the retrieved instructions are valid by, for example, computing a checksum of the retrieved instructions stored in the instruction cache 620 and comparing the computed checksum against the checksum provided by the repository 134. However, any other approach to validating retrieved instructions may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, validating the instructions may involve verifying that any pre-requisites of the instructions have already been installed and/or are otherwise available for execution of the instructions, performing a virus scan on the instructions, etc.

If the example instruction validator 650 determines that the retrieved instructions are valid (e.g., block 840 returns a result of YES), the example management endpoint interface 630 provides a status update to the management endpoint 340 indicating that the management agent 350 is processing the instruction (block 845). The example instruction executor interface 660 instructs the instruction executor 610 to execute the instructions stored in the instruction cache 620 (block 850). The example instruction executor 610 then executes the instructions. When executing the instructions, the example instruction executor 610 may output results of the execution of the instructions via, for example, a standard out interface, a standard error interface, an event log, an output file, etc.

The example instruction executor interface 660 collects the output of the execution of the instructions (block 855) and stores the output of the execution of the instructions in the result cache 670 as a result of the execution of the instruction (block 860). The example instruction executor interface 660 collects the output of the execution of the instructions by, for example, monitoring the standard out interface, monitoring the standard error interface, monitoring the event log, monitoring the output file, etc. Such monitoring of the output of the execution of the instruction is performed until execution of the instruction is complete (e.g., until the instruction completes its normal operation, until the instruction execution is terminated, until a timeout is reached, etc.)

In some examples, the example management endpoint interface 630 evaluates the result of the execution of the instruction to determine if the instruction completed as expected (as defined in the indication of the instruction received from the management endpoint 340) (block 861). Upon determining that the result of the execution of the instruction does not match the expected result (block 861 returns a result of NO), the example management endpoint interface 630 may determine whether the execution of the instruction should be retried (block 862). In some examples, a retry counter is used to indicate a number of times that execution of the instruction has already been attempted. If the number of times that execution of the instruction has already been attempted is below a retry threshold, the example management endpoint interface 630 provides an updated status (e.g., retrying) to the management endpoint 340 (block 863). In some examples, additional information such as, the number of retries already performed, a description of the reason for the failure that caused the retry, etc. may additionally or alternatively be communicated to the management endpoint.

While in the illustrated example of FIG. 8, the instructions are re-executed as a result of a failure, in some examples, other responsive actions may be taken such as, a rollback of the execution of the instructions may be triggered (e.g., to return the component server 330 to a state prior to the failed execution of the instructions), an alert may be sent to an administrator to direct the administrators review into the failure, etc. Control then proceeds to block 850, where the instructions are re-executed. Blocks 850 through 863 are then repeated until an expected result is returned (block 861 returns a result of YES) or the retry threshold is exceeded (block 862 returns a result of NO).

Returning to block 862, if the example management endpoint interface 630 determines that the retry threshold is exceeded (block 862 returning a result of NO). The example management endpoint interface 630 provides an updated status (e.g., failed) to the management endpoint 340 (block 864). In some examples, additional information such as, the number of retries already performed, a description of the reason for the failure that caused the retry, etc. may additionally or alternatively be communicated to the management endpoint. Such additional information may be useful when diagnosing the failure. The results collected in the result cache 670 by the instruction executor interface 660 are transmitted to the management endpoint 340 by the management endpoint interface 630 (block 885). In this manner, results of the execution of the instruction(s) across multiple management agents are centralized to a single management endpoint 340 such that the management endpoint can report upon the status of the execution of the instruction(s) across the multiple management agents using a single interface.

Returning to block 861, when the execution of the instruction is complete and has returned an expected result (block 861 returns a result of YES), the example management endpoint interface 630 provides a status of the execution of the instruction to the management endpoint 340 indicating that execution of the instruction has completed (block 865). The results collected in the result cache 670 by the instruction executor interface 660 are transmitted to the management endpoint 340 by the management endpoint interface 630 (block 885).

While in the illustrated example of FIG. 8, the determination of whether to retry execution of the instruction (block 862) is made by the example management endpoint interface 630 (e.g., at the management agent 350), in some examples, the management endpoint interface 630 may consult the management endpoint 340 to determine whether execution of the instruction should be retried. Additionally or alternatively, the management endpoint 340 may, upon receipt of the results transmitted in connection with block 885, determine that the instructions did not produce an expected result, and may re-queue the instructions for execution in the instruction queue 530.

Returning to block 840, if the example instruction validator 650 determines that the retrieved instructions are not valid (e.g., block 840 returns a result of NO), the example management endpoint interface 630 provides a status update to the management endpoint 340 indicating that the instructions were rejected (block 870). In some examples, instead of informing the management endpoint 340 of the failure to validation of the instructions, control may return to block 825, where the example instruction retriever 640 may re-attempt to retrieve the instructions from the repository 134. Such re-attempts may be performed up to, for example, a threshold number of re-attempts (e.g., three re-attempts, five re-attempts, etc.) before the example management endpoint interface 630 informs the management endpoint 340 of the rejected status of the instructions (block 870).

The example instruction executor interface 660 stores a result indicating that the validation failed in the result cache 670 (block 875). In some examples, the result indicates a reason for the failed validation (e.g., a checksum failure, a missing pre-requisite, a virus scan, etc.). In some examples, the example instruction retriever 640 deletes the instructions from the instruction cache 620 (block 880). Deleting and/or otherwise removing the instructions from the instruction cache 620 ensures that instructions that failed validation (e.g., an instruction where a computed checksum did not match a checksum provided by the repository, an instruction that failed a virus scan, etc.) are not left on the component server 330. In some examples, the instructions may be removed regardless of whether the validation (of block 840) returns YES or NO. For example, the deletion of the instructions (block 880) may be performed after the results are sent to the monitoring endpoint 340 (block 885). Removing the instruction(s) reduces the likelihood that versioning issues might occur (e.g., a prior version of an instruction is executed despite a newer version being available at the repository 134). Removing the instruction(s) also reduces an amount of space within the instruction cache 620 utilized by such instructions. As a result, smaller instruction caches 620 may be utilized. When considered across the deployment environment 112, having hundreds or even thousands of copies of an instruction in each of the respective instruction caches can consume large amounts of storage space (e.g., a 1 MB instruction file stored one thousand times will consume approximately 1 GB of storage resources).

The results collected in the result cache 670 by the instruction executor interface 660 are transmitted to the management endpoint 340 by the management endpoint interface 630 (block 885). In this manner, results of the execution of the instruction(s) across multiple management agents are centralized to a single management endpoint 340 such that the management endpoint can report upon the status of the execution of the instruction(s) across the multiple management agents using a single interface. The example process 800 of FIG. 8 is then repeated periodically and/or aperiodically to solicit an indication of an instruction to be executed from the management endpoint 340.

Although the example program 800 of FIG. 8 is described in connection with executing instructions at a single management agent 350, the example program 800 of FIG. 8 implemented in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure can be used in a multi management agent scenario in which hundreds or thousands of management agents operate at the direction of the management endpoint 340. For example, while executing instructions in a manual fashion for such quantities of users would be overly burdensome or near impossible within required time constraints, examples disclosed herein may be used to distribute and execute large quantities of instructions in an efficient and streamlined fashion without burdening and frustrating end users with long wait times resulting from upgrades and/or operations performed by the instructions.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 900 capable of executing the instructions of FIG. 7 to implement the example management endpoint 340 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, and/or 5. The processor platform 900 of the illustrated example includes a processor 912. The processor 912 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 912 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 912 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 913 (e.g., a cache), and executes instructions to implement the example management agent interface 510, the example queue manager 520, and/or the example result interface 550. The processor 912 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 914 and a non-volatile memory 916 via a bus 918. The volatile memory 914 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 916 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 914, 916 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 900 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 920. The interface circuit 920 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 922 are connected to the interface circuit 920. The input device(s) 922 permit(s) a user to enter data and commands into the processor 912. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 924 are also connected to the interface circuit 920 of the illustrated example. The output devices 924 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactile output device, a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit 920 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 920 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 926 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 900 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 928 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 928 include flash devices, floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, optical compact disk (CD) drives, optical Blu-ray disk drives, RAID systems, and optical digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. The example mass storage 928 may implement the example instruction queue 530 and/or the example result data store 540.

Coded instructions 932 representative of the example machine readable instructions of FIG. 7 may be stored in the mass storage device 928, in the volatile memory 914, in the non-volatile memory 916, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1000 capable of executing the instructions of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 to implement the example management agent 350 of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and/or 6. The processor platform 1000 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1012. The processor 1012 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 1012 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 1012 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1013 (e.g., a cache), and executes instructions to implement the example management endpoint interface 630, the example instruction retriever 640, the example instruction validator 650, and/or the example instruction executor interface 660. The processor 1012 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1014 and a non-volatile memory 1016 via a bus 1018. The volatile memory 1014 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1016 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1014, 1016 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 1000 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1020. The interface circuit 1020 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1022 are connected to the interface circuit 1020. The input device(s) 1022 permit(s) a user to enter data and commands into the processor 1012. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 1024 are also connected to the interface circuit 1020 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1024 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactile output device, a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit 1020 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 1020 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1026 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 1000 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1028 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1028 include flash devices, floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, optical compact disk (CD) drives, optical Blu-ray disk drives, RAID systems, and optical digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. The example mass storage device 1028 may implement the example result cache 670.

Coded instructions 1032 representative of the example machine readable instructions of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 may be stored in the mass storage device 1028, in the volatile memory 1014, in the non-volatile memory 1016, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the above disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture enable deployment of instructions to component servers via management agents. In some examples, the management agent is separate from an instruction executor of the component server. In this manner, the instruction executor can execute instructions that affect the operation(s) of the management agent. For example, the instruction executor may execute an instruction that causes the management agent to become updated and/or upgraded. Such functionality alleviates the need for a user (e.g., an administrator) to manually update each management agent of each component server. Such an approach is beneficial because, through the use of distributed execution of such installations, upgrades can be completed in a more timely fashion as compared to manual installation of an upgrade. In this manner, hundreds or thousands of management agents, for example, can rapidly be upgraded.

In some examples, instructions are retrieved by a management agent for execution at a component server from a repository. In some examples, upon completion of the execution of the instructions, the instruction(s) are removed from the component server. Removing the instruction(s) reduces the likelihood that versioning issues might occur (e.g., a prior version of an instruction is executed despite a newer version being available at the repository). Removing the instruction(s) also reduces an amount of space within an instruction cache utilized by such instructions. When considered across the deployment environment, having hundreds or even thousands of copies of an instruction in each of the respective instruction caches can consume large amounts of storage space (e.g., a 1 MB instruction file stored one thousand times will consume approximately 1 GB of storage resources). Because of the removal of the instructions disclosed herein, smaller instruction caches may be utilized, resulting in lower system requirements for distributed deployment environments.

In some examples disclosed herein, instructions are provided to the management agent in a compressed format (e.g., as a .zip file). Providing instruction packages in a compressed state is useful when, for example, the instructions are binary instructions for execution at the component server, as such compression reduces data transmission requirements as well as storage requirements of the repository. In contrast, instructions that are formatted as script instructions (which may be, for example, only a few lines and/or bytes of instructions) for execution at the component server might not be compressed because the storage space reduction does not outweigh the processing requirements on each of the component servers to decompress the instructions.

In some examples, the repository from which the management agent retrieves instructions for execution may be managed and/or operated by a third party organization (e.g., a professional service organization (PSO)) that manages and/or develops instructions (e.g., develops executable code, develops workflows, etc.). Such an approach enables an administrator of the deployment environment to easily work with third party software providers (e.g., consultants, PSOs, etc.) that create instructions (e.g., executable files) that may be customized for the deployment environment. In this manner, the administrator can simply direct the management endpoint to cause the management agents to retrieve the instructions from a repository hosted by the third party organization, and execute those instructions. Such an approach alleviates storage needs within the deployment environment. Such an approach also facilitates more rapid development and deployment of instructions.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A cloud computing system comprising: a management endpoint operated in a virtual appliance; a management agent operated in a component server, the management agent including: a management endpoint interface to access an indication of an instruction to be executed, the indication of the instruction to be executed provided by the management endpoint; an instruction retriever to retrieve the instruction from a repository, the repository identified by the indication of the instruction to be executed; and an instruction executor interface to direct the component server to execute the instruction, the instruction to cause the component server to install an update to the management agent.
 2. The cloud computing system as described in claim 1, wherein the management agent further includes an instruction validator to validate the instruction retrieved by the component server.
 3. The cloud computing system as described in claim 2, wherein the instruction validator is to validate the instruction by computing a first checksum of the instruction retrieved by the instruction retriever and comparing the first checksum to a second checksum provided by the repository.
 4. The cloud computing system as described in claim 1, wherein the repository is within a same deployment environment as the management endpoint.
 5. The cloud computing system as described in claim 1, wherein the instruction is a script file.
 6. The cloud computing system as described in claim 5, wherein the script file is a PowerShell script.
 7. The cloud computing system as described in claim 1, wherein the component server includes an instruction executor to execute the instruction in a separate execution space from the instruction executor interface.
 8. The cloud computing system as described in claim 7, wherein the instruction retriever is to store the instruction in an instruction cache, and the instruction executor interface is to direct the instruction executor to execute the instruction stored in the instruction cache.
 9. The cloud computing system as described in claim 1, wherein the virtual appliance and the component server are a same server.
 10. A method for distribution and execution of instructions, the method comprising: accessing, by executing a management instruction with a processor implementing a management agent within a deployment environment, an indication of an instruction to be executed, the indication of the instruction to be executed provided by a management endpoint operated at a virtual appliance within the deployment environment; retrieving the instruction from a repository, the repository identified by the indication of the instruction to be executed; directing an instruction executor to execute the instruction, the instruction to cause the instruction executor to install an update to the management agent.
 11. The method as described in claim 10, further including validating the instruction retrieved by the instruction retriever.
 12. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the validating of the instruction includes: computing a first checksum of the instruction retrieved by the instruction retriever; and comparing the first checksum to a second checksum provided by the repository.
 13. The method as described in claim 10, wherein the repository is within the deployment environment.
 14. The method as described in claim 10, wherein the instruction executor is to execute the instruction in a separate execution space from the management agent.
 15. The method as described in claim 10, wherein the instruction is a script file.
 16. The method as described in claim 15, wherein the script file is a PowerShell script.
 17. The method as described in claim 10, further including storing the instruction in an instruction cache, wherein the instruction executor is directed to execute the instruction stored in the instruction cache.
 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed, cause a management agent implemented by a processor within a deployment environment to at least: access an indication of a second instruction to be executed, the indication of the second instruction to be executed provided by a management endpoint operated at a virtual appliance within the deployment environment; retrieve the second instruction from a repository, the repository identified by the indication of the second instruction to be executed; direct an instruction executor to execute the second instruction, the instruction to cause the instruction executor to install an update to the management agent.
 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the management agent to validate the second instruction.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 19, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the management agent to validate the second instruction by: computing a first checksum of the second instruction retrieved by the instruction retriever; and comparing the first checksum to a second checksum provided by the repository.
 21. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 18, wherein the repository is within the deployment environment.
 22. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 18, wherein the instruction executor is to execute the second instruction in a separate execution space from the management agent.
 23. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 18, wherein the second instruction is a script file.
 24. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 23, wherein the script file is a PowerShell script.
 25. The non-transitory computer readable medium as described in claim 18, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the management agent to store the second instruction in an instruction cache, the instruction executor is directed to execute the second instruction stored in the instruction cache. 